Mediterranean and North Africa · British Commonwealth vs Germany and Italy
Second Battle of El Alamein
23 October 1942 – 11 November 1942
Montgomery's Eighth Army, with a large superiority in men, tanks and aircraft, ground through the Axis minefields over twelve days. Rommel's army was broken and retreated 1,500 miles to Tunisia. It was the last major Commonwealth victory won without American ground forces.
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Day by day
— Lightfoot
At 21:40, 882 guns open on the German and Italian line between the sea and the Qattara Depression. XXX Corps attacks in the north to cut two corridors through the minefields; XIII Corps makes a diversion in the south. Rommel is in Austria on sick leave.
— The dog-fight
The corridors are open but the armour cannot get out of them. Montgomery pulls the New Zealanders back and shifts the weight north: the Australians crumble the coast sector while 1st Armoured holds Kidney Ridge. Rommel, back since the 25th, counter-attacks with everything and loses tanks he cannot replace.
— Supercharge
A second set-piece attack goes in north of Kidney Ridge at 01:00. The 9th Armoured Brigade is sacrificed on the Rahman track, losing 75 of 94 tanks, but the Afrika Korps is down to 35 runners by nightfall.
— Breakout
Hitler's order to stand fast arrives too late to matter. The line is broken west of Tel el Aqqaqir, General von Thoma is captured with the last of the Afrika Korps' tanks, and the Panzerarmee retreats along the coast road with the British armour behind it.
— The pursuit
The Eighth Army is past Fuka and Mersa Matruh; rain has bogged the armour and Rommel is away. It will be 1,500 miles and six months before he is caught in Tunisia.